thermal characteristics (temperature changes), chemical composition, movement, and density. Each of the layers are bounded by "pauses" where the greatest changes in thermal characteristics, chemical ...

About 99% of the Earth’s atmosphere is made of just two gases: oxygen and nitrogen. By comparison, the amount of carbon dioxide — which at more than 400 parts per million, is the highest it’s been in ...

Up until a few decades ago, the only planets we knew about were in our own Solar System, and that shaped the way we thought about planet formation and planetary chemistry. Now, with the identification ...

The Earth’s atmosphere is experiencing an accelerated rate of atmospheric escape, leading to a faster loss of gases into space than previously observed. This revelation, founded on recent scientific ...

Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. David Bressan is a geologist who covers curiosities about Earth. Growth rates of carbon dioxide have tripled since the 1960s, ...

James is a published author with multiple pop-history and science books to his name. He specializes in history, space, strange science, and anything out of the ordinary.View full profile James is a ...